/F4 24 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. What is a meta-analysis? However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /Macrosheet /Part According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. << Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. /Workbook /Document That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /F2 22 0 R others. /Resources << ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity /StructParents 9 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do /GS7 27 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. 3 0 obj They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? /F5 25 0 R >> PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /Parent 2 0 R |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. When can it enhance social behavior? endobj "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite /Chart /Sect -Cognitive component: stereotypes >> /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic << [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. /Tabs /S /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work 2,000 & 11,000 \\ Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. << The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. 48 . applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". -2008 first black president /Type /ExtGState Gordon . /F4 24 0 R CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> /F3 23 0 R 28 0 obj [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Type /Group /CS /DeviceRGB The cognitive miser theory is an . The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. 20 . /CS /DeviceRGB Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. endobj ] [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 What is the actor-observer bias? /F2 22 0 R /Resources << "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R >> /Type /Font >> 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R /Subtype /TrueType [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories /Resources << /F3 23 0 R Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. She chooses to stop deliberation and act /Name /F2 /Tabs /S What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? endobj based on similarity. What is what? Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? [15][pageneeded]. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. as. ]}|Mb7*_JH
G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^]
H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm
8uhR6. When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /F3 23 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] 4,000 & 9,000 \\ [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. >> Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. /Resources << >> Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. >> endobj -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. [>>>] With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? /Name /F3 [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. HWKoFW. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors What is the difference between them? "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. endobj What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous /FontDescriptor 363 0 R /StructParents 2 What are its consequences? What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. 2 . /Resources << /Contents 36 0 R Barr . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI]